| Abstract | Voda je neprocjenjiv prirodni resurs te važno strateško i gospodarsko pitanje u svijetu. Povoljna je okolina za život i razvoj mikroorganizama. Mikrobiološki onečišćivači vode mogu biti brojne bakterije, virusi, protozoe i drugi, koji ne moraju nužno biti opasni za zdravlje. Oni mikroorganizmi koji mogu uzrokovati bolesti su patogeni mikroorganizmi. Mycobabterium tuberculosis izaziva tuberkulozu, Vibrio cholearae uzročnik kolere, Poliovirus
uzročnik paralize i meningitisa te mnogi drugi. Većina bolesti prenosi se fekalnooralnim putem, odnosno konzumacijom vode, no neke od njih se prenose udisanjem vodenog aerosola (tuširanje, prskanje). Mikroorganizmi koji se nalaze u vrlo niskim koncentracijama detektiraju se pomoću indikatorskih bakterija, koje su primarno nepatogene i nalaze se u probavnom traktu ljudi i životinja. Jedna od najpoznatiji indikatorskih mikroorganizama je E. Coli, koja spada u grupu ukupnih koliforma kao indikatora fekalnog zagađenja voda. Vodu javnih vodoopskrbnih sustava, prirodnu izvorsku, prirodnu mineralnu vodu te stolnu vodu koristimo za piće. Voda za piće je zakonski regulirana Zakonom o vodi za ljudsku potrošnju (NN 56/2013), Pravilnikom o parametrima sukladnosti i metodama analize vode za ljudsku potrošnju (NN 125/2013) i Pravilnikom o prirodnim mineralnim, prirodnim izvorskim i stolnim vodama (NN 81/2013). Voda za piće je bez boje, mirisa i okusa te mora ispunjavati zahtjeve za zdravstvenom ispravnošću. Otpadne vode nastaju postupcima čovjekovih djelatnosti. Svojstva otpadnih voda razlikuju se prema porijeklu, pa se mogu svrstati u kućanske,
industrijske i poljoprivredne otpadne vode. Smanjenje zaliha vode za piće je bitan problem današnjice. Glavi razlozi su nagli porast potrošnje vode zbog velikog rasta populacije ljudi te povećanje zagađenosti vode. Na raspolaganju je sve manje postupaka koji onečišćenu vodu mogu dovesti do kvalitetne vode za piće. U svrhu odstranjivanja mikroorganizama iz voda koriste se membranski postupci (reverzna osmoza, nanofiltracija, ultrafiltracija i mikrofiltracija) koji zamjenjuju dodavanje štetnih kemikalija u vodu što je slučaj kod dezinfekcije vode. Dezinfekcija vode se provodi s ciljem uništavanja patogenih mikroorganizama vode, različitim kemijskim (elementarni klor, sredstva na bazi klora, ozon, srebro i jod) i fiziklanim postupcima (UV-zračenje, ultrazvuk i toplina). |
| Abstract (english) | Water is an invaluable natural resource and an important strategic and economic issue in the world. Water is favorable setting for the life and growth of microorganisms. Microbiological water contaminants may be a number of bacteria, viruses , protozoa and others who do not necessarily have to be hazardous to health.These micro-organisms that can cause disease are pathogenic microorganisms . Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, pathogen Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, poliovirus cause paralysis and meningitis and many others. Most diseases transmitted through fecal-oral drinking of water, but some of them are transmitted by inhaling water aerosol (showering, spraying). Microorganisms that are found in very low concentrations are detectable using indicator bacteria, which are primarily non-pathogenic and can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals . One of the best known indicator microorganism is E. coli , which belongs to the group of total coli forms as an indicator of fecal contamination of water . Water from public water supply systems , natural spring , natural mineral water and table water are used for drinking. Drinking water is legally regulated by the Law of water for human
consumption (NN 56/2013), the Regulations on the parameters of assessment and methods for the analysis of water for human consumption (NN125/2013) and the Ordinance on natural mineral, natural spring and table waters (NN 81 /2013). Drinking water is colorless, odorless and tasteless and must meet health requirements for the safety of consumption. Wastewater is generated by processes of diferent human activity. Characteristics of wastewater vary according to their origin and could be classified as domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater. Decrease in inventories of drinking water is an important issue today. Head
causes for a sudden increase in water consumption is due to the large growth of population and increased water pollution .Today there is a lack of operations that can turn contaminated water into quality drinking water . In order to remove microorganisms from water different membrane processes are used (reverse osmosis , nanofiltration , ultrafiltration and
microfiltration) which replace the addition of harmful chemicals into the water as is the case for water disinfection. Disinfection of water is carried out with aim to destroy pathogenic water microorganisms by various chemical (elemental clorine,chlorine-based agents, ozone, silver and iodine) and physical methods (UV-radiation , ultrasound and heat treating). |
